Hiv Infection Can Be Diagnosed By A Simple Test
On HIV transmission, the immune system produces antibodies against the virus. A blood or saliva test can detect those antibodies to determine if the virus is present. It can take several weeks after transmission for the HIV antibody test to come back positive.
Another test looks for antigens, which are proteins produced by the virus, and antibodies. This test can detect HIV just days after infection.
Both tests are accurate and easy to administer.
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Hiv Doesnt Always Progress To Stage 3
HIV is a virus, and AIDS is the condition the virus may cause. An HIV infection doesnt necessarily progress to stage 3. In fact, many people with HIV live for years without developing AIDS. Thanks to advances in treatment, a person living with HIV can expect to live a near-normal life span.
While a person can have an HIV infection without having AIDS, anyone diagnosed with AIDS has already contracted HIV. Because there is no cure, the HIV infection never goes away, even if AIDS never develops.
The Global Distribution Of Deaths From Hiv/aids
In some countries HIV/AIDS is the cause of more than a quarter of all deaths
Globally, 1.7% of deaths were caused by HIV/AIDS in 2017.
This share is high, but masks the wide variations in the toll of HIV/AIDS across the world. In some countries, this share was much higher.In the interactive map we see the share of deaths which resulted from HIV/AIDS across the world. Across most regions the share was low: across Europe, for example, it accounted for less than 0.1% of deaths.
But across some countries focused primarily in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa the share is very high. More than 1-in-4 of deaths in South Africa and Botswana were caused by HIV/AIDS in 2017. The share was also very high across Mozambique Namibia Zambia Kenya and Congo .
Death rates are high across Sub-Saharan Africa
The large health burden of HIV/AIDS across Sub-Saharan Africa is also reflected in death rates. Death rates measure the number of deaths from HIV/AIDS per 100,000 individuals in a country or region.
In the interactive map we see the distribution of death rates across the world. Most countries have a rate of less than 10 deaths per 100,000 often much lower, below 5 per 100,000. Across Europe the death rate is less than one per 100,000.
Across Sub-Saharan Africa the rates are much higher. Most countries in the South of the region had rates greater than 100 per 100,000. In South Africa and Mozambique, it was over 200 per 100,000.
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Gay And Bisexual Men Make 69% Of New Hiv Cases In The Us
Center for Disease Control HIV statisticsreveals that 24% of new HIV-positive individuals were infected through heterosexual sex, while 7% got the virus through injection drug use. One of the most common misconceptions is that only gay people can get HIV. In fact, anyone who has intercourse without a condom or shares needles can become infected with HIV.
Hiv Statistics By State
Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is a virus that weakens a persons immune system by attacking cells that fight off infection, specifically a persons CD4 cells. HIV is spread through body fluids such as blood. If HIV goes untreated and advances, it can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.
Unlike most other viruses, when a person contracts HIV, they have it for life because the human body cannot fight off the virus entirely. HIV, however, can be controlled and its progression can be slowed significantly. There are three stages of HIV:
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Hiv In The United States
Based on the most recent information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , about 1.14 million Americans had HIV at the end of 2016. About 1 in 7 of those with the virus are unaware that they have it.
In 2018, 37,832 people received an HIV diagnosis, according to the CDC. Among those, 42% were black or African American, 27% were Hispanic or Latino, and 25% were white. Also among the new diagnoses, 69% were among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men 24% were among heterosexuals, and 7% were among people who inject drugs.
In the United States, there are five categories of laws pertaining to HIV and other STDs. As of 2018, 26 states have HIV-specific laws that criminalize behaviors that can potentially expose another person to HIV.
States with the Highest Rates of HIV
These numbers are based on the CDCs HIV Surveillance Report.
California has the highest number of people living with HIV of 128,153, a rate of 389.7 people with HIV per 100,000 residents. Of those living with HIV in California, the largest group is White with 48,155 people and the second-largest is Hispanic/Latino with 48,029.
New York has the second-highest number of people living with HIV of 126,495, a rate of 760.2 per 100,000. This rate is more than double that of Californias. The largest group living with HIV in New York is Black/African American with 47,164 people living with the virus.
Here are the 10 states with the highest rates of HIV:
What Percentage Of People With Hiv Have Been Tested
Statistics from the CDCs Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System indicate that about half of U.S. adults are tested. Among adults aged 18-64, 8% reported being tested in the last year, including 8% who have ever been tested for HIV. States, ages, races, and ethnicities all play a role in HIV testing.
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Sex Differences In Mortality
The high mortality rate of the influenza pandemic is one aspect that sets the pandemic apart from other disease outbreaks. Another factor is the higher mortality rate of men compared with women. Men with an underlying condition were at significantly more risk. Tuberculosis was one of the deadliest diseases in the 1900s, and killed more men than women. But with the spread of influenza disease, the cases of tuberculosis cases in men decreased. Many scholars have noted that tuberculosis increased the mortality rate of influenza in males, decreasing their life expectancy. During the 1900s tuberculosis was more common in males than females, but studies show that when influenza spread the tuberculosis mortality rate among females changed. The death rate of tuberculosis in females increased significantly and would continue to decline until post-pandemic.
Death rates were particularly high in those aged 2035. The only comparable disease to this was the black death, bubonic plague in the 1300s. As other studies have shown, tuberculosis and influenza had comorbidities and one affected the other. The ages of males dying of the flu show that tuberculosis was a factor, and as males primarily had this disease at the time of the pandemic, they had a higher mortality rate. Life expectancy dropped in males during the pandemic but then increased two years after the pandemic
Hiv/aids In The 1990s And 2000s
In 1991, the red ribbon became an international symbol of AIDS awareness.
In that year, basketball player Magic Johnson announced he had HIV, helping to further bring awareness to the issue and dispel the stereotype of it being a gay disease. Soon after, Freddie Mercurylead singer of the band Queenannounced he had AIDS and died a day later.
In 1994, the FDA approved the first oral HIV test. Two years later, it approved the first home testing kit and the first urine test.
AIDS-related deaths and hospitalizations in developed countries began to decline sharply in 1995 thanks to new medications and the introduction of HAART. Still, by 1999, AIDS was the fourth biggest cause of death in the world and the leading cause of death in Africa.
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What City Has The Highest Hiv Rate 2019
Are Some Regions Of The United States More Impacted By Hiv Than Others
Yes. HIV is largely an urban disease, with most cases occurring in metropolitan areas with 500,000 or more people. The South has the highest number of people living with HIV, but if population size is taken into account, the Northeast has the highest rate of people living with HIV.
*Rates per 100,000 people.
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Since 2017 Public Health England Has Published Data On Trans People Accessing Hiv Care And Those Newly Diagnosed With Hiv
Headlines
- The majority of trans people accessing HIV care are trans women. In 2019, 111 trans women, 31 trans men and 7 gender diverse people were accessing HIV care in England.
- Trans people aged 35-49 are the largest group in terms of age.
- The majority of trans people accessing HIV care are white , with 47 trans people of other or mixed ethnicity making up the second largest group.
- Nearly all of the trans people accessing HIV care in 2019 acquired HIV through sex between men.
Condom Availability And Use
One of key requirements for health departments receiving previous CDC prevention funding was to establish and maintain condom distribution programmes for people with HIV and people at high risk of acquiring it. Between 2012 and 2014, the most recent data available, these types of programmes distributed over 248 million condoms.69
Despite this, CDC reports a long-term decline in condom use among men who have sex with men from as early as 2005 . In 2016, it was reported that the greatest increase in sex without condoms was seen in young men, aged 18 to 24.70
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Causes Of Hiv Infection
HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person. This includes semen, vaginal and anal fluids, blood and breast milk.
It’s a fragile virus and does not survive outside the body for long.
HIV cannot be transmitted through sweat, urine or saliva.
The most common way of getting HIV in the UK is through having anal or vaginal sex without a condom.
Other ways of getting HIV include:
- sharing needles, syringes or other injecting equipment
- transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding
The chance of getting HIV through oral sex is very low and will be dependent on many things, such as whether you receive or give oral sex and the oral hygiene of the person giving the oral sex.
The Future Of Hiv In Eswatini
In recent years Eswatini has made great progress in tackling HIV, particularly around the areas of treatment, PMTCT and reducing HIV incidence overall.
However, the high HIV prevalence among the general population means the government will need to tackle many of the social and cultural problems that hamper the response. These include poverty, gender inequality and risky cultural practices that contribute to a high risk of HIV infection.120
Effective prevention initiatives and a greater focus on improving access to HIV testing facilities are also urgently needed, especially for men, young people and criminalised populations. The epidemic among key affected populations, particularly female sex workers and men who have sex with men, also needs to be addressed.
ART coverage shows adolescent boys and girls and men are lagging behind. Without increased testing and treatment enrolment among these groups, HIV incidence will not decline as quickly as anticipated.121 In addition, the decline in the proportion of pregnant women who are HIV-positive accessing ART must be reversed, or important gains is this area risk being lost.
The government needs to work harder to collect data and understand the complex needs of population groups most affected by HIV in order to develop adequate HIV programming. The dual epidemic of TB and HIV also remains a cause for concern.
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Civil Societys Role In South Africa
In March 2015 an estimated 136,453 civil society organisations were working in the South African HIV response. In 2017 a new civil society forum was created to provide a platform for civil society and government to work together in the HIV response. 116
One of the most visible civil societies is the Treatment Action Campaign , formed in 1998. TAC has been a driving force in the South African response, promoting access to HIV treatment and care for all South Africans. TACs first major success came in 2002, with the Constitutional Court ruling that the South African government must provide ARVs to prevent mother-to child-transmission.117 The organisation is currently campaigning to improve and strengthen the healthcare system.118
Funding is a major issue facing many civil society organisations. Drops in external funding are making civil society organisations more dependent on financing from the government. While domestic funding is a more sustainable model, the shift has increased competition amongst organisations, and is seen by some as undermining their ability to challenge government policy in their work.119
The Number Of New Infections Has Increased By 72% In Eastern Europe And Central Asia
Although HIV incidence has declined in many countries, there are several regions where an increase in rates is noted. For instance, the number of HIV-infected people has increased by 22% in the Middle East and North Africa, HIV transmission statistics reveal, and by 21% in Latin America since 2010.
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Young Women And Adolescent Girls
HIV prevalence among young women is nearly four times greater than that of young men.14 In 2018, 540,000 young women were living with HIV, compared to 180,000 young men.15
In the same year, 69,000 young women became HIV-positive, compared to 28,000 young men, meaning they are over three times more likely to acquire HIV than their male counterparts. The difference is particularly acute among 10 to 19-year-olds, with 33,000 adolescent girls becoming HIV-positive in 2018, compared to 4,200 adolescent boys.16
Intergenerational relationships between older men, a group with high HIV prevalence, and young women are understood to be driving a cycle of infections. The National Strategic HIV Plan has centred its approach to HIV prevention around interrupting this cycle.1718
CASE STUDY: Sugar daddies
Lebogang Motsumi was 27 when she acquired HIV from a ‘sugar daddy’ a significantly older man who showered her with gifts, which she believed she needed to fit in with her friends and feel more accepting of herself. She was reluctant to use a condom in case she was perceived as promiscuous by men and felt she was not in control of the situation when she was with her sexual partners.
Now a mother, Motsumi says she wishes she had received more information at home and at school about risky sexual behaviour, and is using her experience to advocate non-judgemental, face-to-face conversations with young people about relationships with older men.19
The Population Most Affected By Hiv In The Usa
The HIV epidemic in the USA is something which has impacted one group more than others. These groups are sometimes referred to as the key populations which have affected the specific race and ethnicity more susceptible. There are many economic and socio-economic factors which can drive these population into discriminating and stigmatising. Sexual networks is probably one of the major problems, which is the reason it spreads in the community.
Men who have sex with other men are the group of people who are more affected with HIV in the USA which is accounted for 2% of the population which has over 66% of new annual HIV infections. There are over 6,32,300 USA based men who are actively involved with other men who have HIV. The HIV infection among the men who have sex with the men remained stable at wth 26,000 a year. These trends generally vary with the age and ethnicity of the people, which has an overall stable view.
In 2017, 24% HIV positive and 21% of HIV negative men who are having sex with the men with the last without any protection having anal or oral sex. In the United States, African American men are most affected by HIV than any other ethnic group. These groups accounted for 43% of the new HIV infections, which can allow one to make 12% of the population. But from 2010 to 1027, the number plunged down which decreased the numbers by 12%
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What Is The Impact Of Hiv On Racial And Ethnic Minorities In The Us
HIV can affect anyone regardless of sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or where they live. However, in the United States, some racial/ethnic groups are more affected than others, given their percentage of the population. This is because some population groups have higher rates of HIV in their communities, thus raising the risk of new infections with each sexual or injection drug use encounter. Additionally, a range of social, economic, and demographic factors such as stigma, discrimination, income, education, and geographic region can affect peoples risk for HIV.
Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino communities are disproportionately affected by HIV compared to other racial/ethnic groups. For example, in 2018 Blacks/African Americans represented 13% of the US population, but 41% of people with HIV. Hispanics/Latinos represented 18% of the population, but 23% of people with HIV.
Source: CDC, Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 20142018.
Certain subpopulations within racial and ethnic minority groups are affected as well. For example, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men are by far the most affected group in the US. They account for about 70% of new infections each year, even though they make up only 2% of the population.
According to CDC, in 2018:
For in-depth information about the impact of HIV on different racial and ethnic populations, see these CDC fact sheets: